1a. Where did the Zika virus come from? What are arboviruses, and are they a genetically related group? What technologies have allowed the spread of arboviruses?
Zika virus was first discovered in Uganda, 1947, during the primate as well as mosquito surveillance. Until today, the virus has remained obscure and is confined within the equatorial belt which runs across Asia and Africa. Arbovirus serves as a descriptive term which applies to hundreds of the predominating RNA viruses that transmit infections via arthropods, especially ticks and mosquitoes. Arboviruses are majorly under the maintenance of complex cycles that involve vertebrates like blood-feeding vectors and mammals. It was until a few years ago when a small number of arboviruses became a clinically critical infection for humans. Some of them include; mosquito-borne alphaviruses like chikungunya and flaviviruses like West Nile and dengue. The most deadly of all the viruses are yellow fever that causes epidemic hemorrhagic fever in humans (Fauci & Morens, 2016). Arboviruses are a genetically related group of diseases. A perfect example is the Zika virus which closely relates to dengue. As such, gene-detection tests like the polymerase-chain-reaction may be a significantly different point of different viruses such as the West Nile from dengue. Some of the activities which have prompted the spread of arboviruses are animals. Communication technology prompted the spread of arboviruses because it enhanced physical touch among people such as traders, families, and many others.
1b. Why is a mouse model helpful in Zika virus research? What type of mice were used, and why?
The mouse model can assist in understanding the mechanisms behind the immunity and pathogenesis of Zika virus. The Zika virus research model can also help in the identification of determinants of its virulence as well as the molecular mechanism which control the interaction of the virus-host, issuing a strategy for rationally designing acute phase therapeutics, and ensuring efficacy in testing.
The type of mice that have been utilized in a research study regarding Zika virus is the AG129- which lacks interferon α/β as well as Ɣ receptors. The reason is that such kind of mice is largely vulnerable to Zika disease and infection such that they can survive for a maximum of 8 days upon infection. A study revealed the dissemination of rapid viremic within the brain as well as the visceral organs of the AG 129 mice. However, the study only related to acute pathologies in muscles and brain.
1c. How strong is the evidence that Zika virus causes microcephaly? What is it about Zika virus, and other arboviruses, that complicate this correlation?
Since Zika virus closely relates to microcephaly and there are findings that Zika virus exists in brain tissue of a fetus, a comparative histological examination of particular tissues and the entire brain from mock-infected as well as Zika infected AG129 mice took place to determine their relationships (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016). Analysis of the musculature that exists in the posterior rear limb of AG129 mice depicted multi-focal myofibre degeneration as well as necrosis that contain an inflammatory cell infiltration, attempted regenerations, and nuclear rowing. The results regarding Zika infection as the cause of microcephaly was evident during pregnancy. However, the understanding of molecular systems that control Zika disease is insufficient, where progress was greatly limited due to the absence of small animal model which fails to depend on the virus’s intra-cerebral inoculation (Aliota et al., 2016). Moreover, the assessment of eosin-stained semi-thin, as well as hematoxylin sections, failed to reveal obvious tissue damages which associate with Zika infection considering the abundant tissues which were under that examination.
- Look at the following articles about the corona-virus response in The Republic of China, also known as Taiwan. Now choose any other country in the world with a much different outcome, and compare their response. What has been the complicating factors in the spread of COVID-19 in that country?
Response to corona-virus is a key determinant of the level in which it spreads. Taiwan registers a low level of Covid-19 infections compared to Italy, which has since reported hundreds of thousands of infections and thousands of deaths.
Unlike Italy, notifications to combat the spread of the Covid-19 were conducted earlier in Taiwan. As of January 5, 2020, the spread of Covid-19 infections notification has expanded such that all travellers from Wuhan who had the symptoms of the virus undergone screening for 26 viruses from the past 14 days (Duff-Brown, 2020). Immediate quarantine of individuals with such symptoms took part at home like the ones who required close medical attention received medical care in health facilities. On the contrary, the political leaders and the public shrugged off the state-of-emergency declaration post the announcement of the Covid-19 positive cases in the country. In a particular episode, particular politicians indulged handshakes, and one week later, one of the leaders became Covid-19 positive.
The lack of systematic approaches and focus on partial solutions enhanced the prevalence of Coronavirus infections in Italy. The government of Italy dealt with the pandemic of using several decrees which slowly enhanced restrictions in the lockdown until a time when they all applied to the whole country. The situation backfired because it proved to be inconsistent with a high rate of the virus spread. The situation was different in Taiwan, where the country imposed a total lockdown with travel bans (Wang & Brook, 2020). In February 2020, the Taiwanese suspended all their tours to China. On January 31, the country also banned flights coming into the country from Mainland, Macau, as well as Hong Kong. Today several countries can learn from the response of countries such as Taiwan, to limit the magnitude of the pandemic.
References
Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2016). Zika virus in the Americas—yet another arbovirus threat. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(7), 601-604.
Aliota, M. T., Caine, E. A., Walker, E. C., Larkin, K. E., Camacho, E., & Osorio, J. E. (2016). Characterization of lethal Zika virus infection in AG129 mice. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 10(4).
The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2016, April 19). Scientists describe a new research model to enhance Zika virus research. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160419144743.htm
Duff-Brown, B. (2020). How Taiwan Used Big Data, Transparent and a Central Command to protect its People from Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/news/how-taiwan-used-big-data-transparency-central-command-protect-its-people-coronavirus
Wang, C. J., Ng, C. Y., & Brook, R. H. (2020). Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. Jama.
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