Introduction
The world war played a major part in shaping the history of the world, and the United States played a major role in the war[1]. The United States made a huge contribution to the war by supplying financial aid and raw materials. This helped build forces the allies and gave them an added advantage over their opponents.
The United States was not interested in foreign wars during this period; however, there were wars and invasions, which were carried out by European governments in their overseas territories. The invasions continued as many countries were fighting to control more areas oversees. This condition became very tense; however, the United States maintained its isolationist rule. Upper house, with the support of President Roosevelt, passed neutrality laws that were meant to help the U.S avoid war. As Italy was preparing to annex Ethiopia, Assembly passed the Neutrality Act of 1935, prohibiting the delivery of arms to parties involved in the war. Stronger regulation followed in 1936 during the Spanish civil war[2].
In the president of the Pacific region, Roosevelt maintained Hoover’s policy which ignored Japan’s invasions in the Asia region. However, this changed when Japan attacked China in the year 1937[3], the united states started changing its war policy, president Roosevelt invoked the Neutrality Policy, which had been revised in the previous year, and towards the end of 1937 warned the countries involved in the war about its penalties and the nations who were at war to find a peaceful solutions in order to end the war. He, however, denied any policy implications, and when Japanese jets sank a United states gunboat in the Yangtze River, feelings of retaliation were muffled by public sympathy and through Japan’s admission of guilt and coverages. With solid public hostility towards foreign intervention, Roosevelt focused on the defence on areas in North America, continually reinforcing the navy as well as signing mutual security treaties with different nations in North America and South America.[4]
In the year 1939 Germany’s offensive of Poland ignited World War II, then president of United States Theodore Roosevelt called Upper house into a session to restructure the Neutrality Policy to permit belligerents to buy weapons on cash-and-carry trade. With the annexation France by the Germans in the year 1940, the president with a study of public support, the united states decided to support the British. Roosevelt gave out an order to Pentagon to resupply British divisions with enough weaponry which can enable them to win the war.
The question supports the Allies of the United States involved in the war became a big influencer of 1940’s election where Roosevelt vied for a record third term. Public opinion polls across the nation indicated that the majority of American’s citizens supported the idea of backing Britain in the war, however, they were still opposed to joining the war. Roosevelt’s rival, Wendell Willkie, benefit from these views and gained popularity by attacking Roosevelt’s warmongering policies. Roosevelt, on the other hand, fought back, in the end, both contenders realized that United States involvement in the conflict might become crucial, as opposed to their public speeches. Roosevelt won the election.
When he returned to the office for another term, Roosevelt quickly started to support the Partners. The Lend-Lease policy, approved in the year 1941 after heated debate, allowed the U.S. to offer the Allies all the weapons they required on credit[5]. In late 1941 the German decided to extend its combat zone to include the Denmark Strait and Iceland, president Roosevelt strike back in by spreading the American Neutrality Patrol to areas such as Iceland. In mid, the United States moved to occupy Iceland, and United States naval ships started to escort convoys of Icelandic and American ships. That same year Lend-Lease was stretched to the Soviet Union after the Germans invaded it. In late 1940 Roosevelt met British prime minister, Churchill, and assigned the Atlantic Charter. This charter called for larger economic opportunities, national self-determination, freedom from fear, freedom of the seas, as well as demilitarization.
Even though in retrospect United States entry into World War II appears inevitable, in the year 1940 the issue of joining the war still a major discussion.
Isolationism was also a major political power, and a good number of influential persons were convinced that the United States aid policy could avert to stop the ongoing war. In spite of isolationist opposition, Roosevelt pushed carefully forward. In late August the U.S navy added British and Allied ships to its Icelandic convoys. Its orders were to shoot Italians and German warships on sight, therefore making the United States an implicit partaker in the Atlantic wars. In October 1941, the U.S. warship was damaged and another one sunken by a German U-boat. The United States then declared naval combat against Germany, however, Roosevelt desisted from calling for an all-out war on Germany. During this period majority of the American public still supported a neutral position in the ongoing war.
The issue of the war was soon resolved by events in the Pacific. As much as a distant neutral could, the United States had been backing Chinese in its war with Japan, however, the U.S was still sold Japan merchandise and products essential to the Japanese conflict effort. The United States later applied restrictions on the sale of scrap metals, lubricants, and aviation gas to Japan. When Japanese militaries occupied French Indochina in with the apparent purpose of establishing bases [6]for an attack on the East Indies, the United States struck back by prohibiting all forms of steel and scrap metals and though offering loans to China which was Japan’s main rival in the war. Japan quickly fought back through entering into a limited agreement of alliance, known as the Tripartite Treaty, with Italy and Germany. Roosevelt on the other offered a bigger financial aid to China. The united states later prohibited other more products such as pig iron, iron ore and a range of different commodities.
The United States and Japan reached an agreement in the year 1941. Neither nation would find the middle ground on the issue of China, on one end Japan refused to withdraw its military n chinses territory while on the other end the United States insisted that they do so. Having received intelligent that Japan planned to invade the East Indies, the United States prohibited the exportation of oil products to Japan. And since Japan territory had inadequate oil storage and no substitute energy to run her machinery, the oil ban deep-rooted Japan’s motive to eradicate the United States Pacific Navy as well as to take over Southeast Asia, thereby becoming self-reliant in crude oil and energy sector. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt and his war advisers knew (through diverted Japanese coded communications) that attack was to be expected; they anticipated Japan would attack the Philippines and East Indies and to their surprise, on December 7, 1941, Japan engaged its first combat against air and naval systems in Hawaii. Japanese warplanes destroyed 18 warships at Pearl Harbor, as well as 347 planes. United states suffered casualties amounted to 4,000 military personnel [7].
Pearl Harbor.
In late 1941, the Legislative body voted in support of war with Japan. Italy and Germany, on the other hand, declared war against the U.S; and House, voted ninety-nine percent, in support of the war. The Pearl Harbor attacked prompted even members of the public to support the Untied states to enter the WORLD WAR II.
War production
President Roosevelt had started establishing mobilization bodies in the year 1939, however, none had adequate power to bring world peace which was much needed during the period of industrialization.Roosevelt, as a result, formed the War Production Board in the year 1942 to organize mobilization,The mobilization team created Office of War Mobilization in the year 1943 whose main task was to oversee the mass of defence bodies which in Washington, D.C. Progressively, a priorities system was invented to supply defence industries with raw materials. After first snarls and heated discussion, by the year 1944 production was war materials was growing immensely doubling those of all rival nations combined. [8]
Researchers, under the watch of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, took a key role in the manufacture of war materials than before, building sophisticated tools such as radar, sonar and rocketry, and different areas. Amongst the novel tools created included proximity fuze, which enclosed a small radio which discharged an artillery shell. Of highest status was the atomic bomb, established by scientists in privacy in the year 1945.
Bankrolling the war
The total cost of the war to the government between 1941-1945 was about $321 million which was much higher than the first world war. Taxes catered for 41% of the war money. The remaining amount was bankrolled by securing loans from financial institutions. As a result, the national debt increased fivefold, amounting to $259 billion. [9]The Revenue policy of the year 1942 transformed the tax system by raising the paid income duties from 13million to 50 million.[10]
Social outcomes of the war
In spite of the high number of military personnel, civilian employment rose from 46-53 million between 1940 -1945. A group of unemployed men decreased in the year 1943, and further work growth consisted of over aged, women, and minorities. However, this was still not able to meet the high demand in the growing industry[11].
One result of workers shortage was that minority groups made a big economic and social progress[12]. Even though the military continued segregating minority groups, Roosevelt, was pressurized and passed Executive Order 8802, 1941 which banned ethnic discrimination in job training programs and by defence contractors and Fair Employment Practices Commission to make sure there was compliance on the part of the military. By the end of 1944, nearly 2 million blacks were working in defence manufacturing industries. As ethnic groups’ contributions to the industry grew the people started demanding equal rights.
The Pearl Harbor attack brought the nation together, few individuals were prosecuted for sedition or disloyalty, unlike the first world war. The one glaring exclusion to this act was the outrageous treatment of Americans of Japanese parentage and Japanese[13]. In 1942, based on groundless racial suspicions and fears, practically the whole Japanese-American population, confined in the “relocation” camps, which the prisoners considered as concentration camps.
In conclusion, World War II generated a lot of opportunities for African Americans, women and other ethnic groups. The demands of increased production in the course the war forced companies to get into labour groups and to employ women and subgroups. Americans sidelined before the war got new. Consequently, historically helpless individuals in American enjoyed newfound peace and equity.
Regardless of great social gains, hurdles were still there. Additionally, African Americans experienced ethnic segregation, subordination and exclusion within the military, and few armed forces saw real combat. The people who did take part in the war and a high number emerged from the second world war determined to end racial discrimination in the United States.
References
Chickering, Roger. 2011. “A Companion To World War I”. First World War Studies 2 (1): 141-143. doi:10.1080/19475020.2011.579018.
Devine, Michael J. 2008. “From World War To Cold War”. Diplomatic History 32 (1): 149-152. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00672.x.
Doenecke, Justus D. 2016. “The AEF Way Of War: The American Army And Combat In World War I”. First World War Studies 7 (2): 214-216. doi:10.1080/19475020.2016.1253188.
Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. 2010. The Origins Of The World War. New York: Ishi Press International.
Frost, Rebecca, Katherine Twomey, Gemma Taylor, Gert Westermann, and Padraic Monaghan. 2015. “Word For Word”. Nursery World 2015 (15): 21-23. doi:10.12968/nuwa.2015.15.21.
Gilbert, Martin. 2014. The Second World War. New York: Rosetta Books.
Keene, Jennifer. 2014. “A ‘Brutalizing’ War? The USA After The First World War”. Journal Of Contemporary History 50 (1): 78-99. doi:10.1177/0022009414546506.
Klynina, Tetiana. 2016. “Information War. The USA And Great Britain During World War II (1939 – 1945)”. Skhid 0 (2(142): 53-57. doi:10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.
Loveridge, Steven. 2016. “Another Great War?: New Zealand Interpretations Of The First World War Towards And Into The Second World War”. First World War Studies 7 (3): 303-325. doi:10.1080/19475020.2017.1318297.
McCrae, Meighen. 2012. “Violence Against Prisoners Of War In The First World War”. First World War Studies 3 (2): 248-250. doi:10.1080/19475020.2012.728751.
Scull, Andrew. 2011. “The Mental Health Sector And The Social Sciences In Post-World War II USA. Part 1: Total War And Its Aftermath”. History Of Psychiatry 22 (1): 3-19. doi:10.1177/0957154×10388366.[14]
Tames, Ismee. 2012. “‘War On Our Minds’ War, Neutrality And Identity In Dutch Public Debate During The First World War”. First World War Studies 3 (2): 201-216. doi:10.1080/19475020.2012.728741.
[1] Loveridge, Steven. 2016. “Another Great War?: New Zealand Interpretations Of The First World War Towards And Into The Second World War”. First World War Studies 7 (3): 303-325. doi:10.1080/19475020.2017.1318297.
[2] Devine, Michael J. 2008. “From World War To Cold War”. Diplomatic History 32 (1): 149-152. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00672.x.
[4]Tames, Ismee. 2012. “‘War On Our Minds’ War, Neutrality And Identity In Dutch Public Debate During The First World War”. First World War Studies 3 (2): 201-216. doi:10.1080/19475020.2012.728741.
[5] McCrae, Meighen. 2012. “Violence Against Prisoners Of War In The First World War”. First World War Studies 3 (2): 248-250. doi:10.1080/19475020.2012.728751.
[6] Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. 2010. The Origins Of The World War. New York: Ishi Press International.
[7] Frost, Rebecca, Katherine Twomey, Gemma Taylor, Gert Westermann, and Padraic Monaghan. 2015. “Word For Word”. Nursery World 2015 (15): 21-23. doi:10.12968/nuwa.2015.15.21.
[8] Chickering, Roger. 2011. “A Companion To World War I”. First World War Studies 2 (1): 141-143. doi:10.1080/19475020.2011.579018.
[9] Klynina, Tetiana. 2016. “Information War. The USA And Great Britain During World War II (1939 – 1945)”. Skhid 0 (2(142): 53-57. doi:10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.
[10] Scull, Andrew. 2011. “The Mental Health Sector And The Social Sciences In Post-World War II USA. Part 1: Total War And Its Aftermath”. History Of Psychiatry 22 (1): 3-19. doi:10.1177/0957154×10388366.
[11] Devine, Michael J. 2008. “From World War To Cold War”. Diplomatic History 32 (1): 149-152. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00672.x.
[12] Keene, Jennifer. 2014. “A ‘Brutalizing’ War? The USA After The First World War”. Journal Of Contemporary History 50 (1): 78-99. doi:10.1177/0022009414546506
[13] Gilbert, Martin. 2014. The Second World War. New York: Rosetta Books.
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