Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a form of living that stresses on the results over procedures. It can be defined as an effort to offer a solution to a real-world question. For example, a man’s activities should produce paramount consequences possible. In simple terms, the main aim of utilitarianism is to better humanity and increase happiness within each other. Rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism are classified under the same ethical theory of “utilitarianism,” which seeks the opinion on the rights of individuals either a minority or majority, using the phrases: ‘the greater good’ and ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ These theories majorly focus on the outcomes rather than the actions, with the deciding factor being goodness or badness. Both approaches ensure that the most exceptional wellbeing is produced.
Act utilitarianism is motivated by the principle of utility, where individuals are required to promote actions that will results in the highest good for the most significant numbers. Mill bases his Utilitarianism on the Greatest Happiness Principle, according to which “actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they to produce the reverse of happiness” (Mill, 37). On the other hand, rule utilitarianism relies on a principle that asserts that the surest way of creating great utility for humanity is to develop ethical values with rules of conduct that are clearly understood. Rule utilitarianism is open as it provides room for multiple choices for individuals. How individual acts may look similar to the law that supports act utilitarianism (West, 2013). This assertion may be true because imposing a rule may constraint people on how to act. However, there may be discretions of deciding what to do. Rule utilitarianism can be viewed as an advancement of act utilitarianism as it is a more advanced way to a better and just society. In his argument, Mill suggested the need for harmonized rules in order peaceful society to function.
The two theories have their limitations, as indicated on both sides. Act utilitarianism does not support real-life issues with the problematic time-wastage hedonic calculus. Moreover, in certain circumstances, act utilitarianism may vindicate contravening essential moral rules and individual disrespect laws. When referred to levels of lower as well as stronger desires, rule utilitarianism converts to socially exclusive for individuals who cannot experience stronger desires. It can, therefore, be claimed that rule utilitarianism grows into rule worship when they abide by the rule. When the repercussions demand it, then we tend to infringe on the rule. It is undoubtedly that the rule of utilitarianism is an advancement to act utilitarianism since it affects the wellbeing of individuals more than moral decision making. Mill had the aim of offering a more protective society for the minor groups, with less discrimination. Whereas, Bentham appears only to allow unethical behavior and tolerate society to be contented with the bias over minority groups. Though the notion over the lower and higher desires can be discriminatory as the stronger desires are only accessible to the selected, however, it is said that Mill, in this case, has been promoting social improvement to make them available to others (Turner, 2015). Mill presented his idea of lower and higher desires from the quotation, “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their side of the question.”
From Mill’s idea, it is observed that Bentham’s level ground over desire levels do not exist as well as another pleasure is right; a power is found in act utilitarianism. The issue with act utilitarianism regarding social advantage in ethical decisions is that Bentham’s hedonic methodology is excessively more self-satisfying. For Bentham, it’s all about the individual’s hunt for satisfaction, but not the ultimate good for the improvement of the community and all individuals. It can be adjusted to provide whatever pleasure an individual creating the decision desired. For instance, a murderer might utilize this point to justify that it is pleasing for him to murder particular individuals who cause pain to others (such as a robber). The act and outcome of killing are immoral, but the pleasures of the murderer, and pleasures of prospective future fatalities of stealing, overwhelms the pain of his death. Rule utilitarianism is an advancement having its realism in application. Act utilitarianism’ hedonic calculus is the method utilized to calculate the extent of pleasure or pain created (Turner, 2015). This is excessively burdensome and subject utilitarianism’s general procedures far superior and straightforward to relate. The Hedonic Calculus applies all the accessible choices in the situation then evaluates pleasure and the pain produced by everyone for them to select the choice to follow. Primarily, though rule utilitarianism seems to be somewhat biased relative to the level of pleasures, I perceive it fairer as Mill is stressing this so that a free and better society might sustain itself, creating the pleasures accessible to all. Similarly to Mill himself, I perceive Bentham’s methodology to be very inflexible in daily activities, and very malicious with its hedonistic.
References
Turner, P. N. (2015). Rules and right in Mill. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 53(4), 723-745.
West, H. R. (2013). An introduction to Mill’s utilitarian ethics. Cambridge University Press.
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