Amendments made in 1998 in the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) law in 1974, where the congress necessitated that the JJDP office needed all nations taking part in Formula Grants Program to report on disproportionate minority confinement in the plans they made as a state. This study analyzes some of the causes of DMC, the state policies that address proportionality minority acts and the ideas present for two policies that can reduce disproportionality representation of minorities. The disparities occur equally in individual reports of felonious activities and in records made officially of the contacts of the criminal justice system, involving encounters with police officers, convictions and arrests.
Racial disparities have been a significant issue in the criminal justice system. Alex Piquerro states that most coloured youths have been overrepresented at every section of the United States Juvenile system. As with most racial differences in a huge number of social indicators, the reasons why these disparities are not immediately superficial. Certain analysts connect these differences to ‘differential participation,’ i.e. the disparities in offences committed by whites and minorities. Other analysts attribute this to ‘differential selection,’ i.e. the point that justice systems give white and minority offenders in different ways. Others still trust that the two explain the racial disparities (Walt & Jason, 2017). Differential involvement is crucial in the early stages of the judicial process, especially when youths come into contact with the police, and may affect differential selection when the minor go through the juvenile justice system. Racial disparities are a significant cause for disproportionate minority contact.
Another reason that can be said to cause disproportionate minority contact is that the judicial system progresses on white and minority offenders in a variety of ways. It could also happen because of existing bias, either implicit or explicit, or due to patterns of racial differences that have been rooted historically. Crime policies could be the main reason why racial disparities occur. An example is when the community enforces strict measures for minority societies than for the same offences for white offenders. The differences may also be as a result of discretion when making decisions in the justice system. While minorities are restricted unduly for their offences, e.g. the inequality is more significant when the offences are not severe, and disparities are typically designed into the decision making in offences of this kind.
Various policies address the proportionality minority acts; for example, the JJDP act in 2002 widens the DMC move to comprise DMC in all points of decisions in the justice system for juveniles. The bill also necessitates that an intervention strategy that involves law-breaking prevention and improvement of system components. In an amendment of JJDP carried out in 1992, DMC was promoted to a base for protecting the youth, with the probability for future funding (Leiber, & Fix, 2019). The JJDP dictates that the area where the juvenile case is handled can influence the results of the case. Cases which proceed in urban areas are more likely to deliver harsher outcomes than if it was proceeding in rural areas. In other areas, drugs might not be taken with much weight in urban areas than in rural areas. This may be due to the fact that minority communities dwell mostly in urban regions; a geographic effect might operate to over-represent minorities in the state. Also, crimes committed by the minority are mostly more visible. For instance, when white kids decide to sell drugs, they do so at the comfort of their homes. The minority youths, however, will have to turn to the streets to sell the drugs.
Due to the increased number of juvenile offences during the ’90s, most countries started the automatic transfer, judicial act waivers, and direct file. Automatic transfer acts relieved prosecution of certain crimes in the juvenile court jurisdiction, enabling juveniles to be arbitrated mechanically in criminal law courts (Leiber, & Fix, 2019). About twenty-nine countries contain automatic transfer laws. Direct file acts enable prosecutors to be discrete when charging juveniles as adults. About fourteen countries and Columbia have such laws. The judicial waiver laws give juvenile magistrates the mandate to waiver the jurisdiction to enable the juvenile to be arbitrated in a criminal court. About forty-four countries allow these laws.
The number of drug laws that was known as the drug war has significantly impacted the number and conformation of people who arbitrated on issues related to drugs. Most people of colour are the ones who suffer most in drug-related cases (Leonard, 2000). This happens because of certain policies that have been put in place since the ’80s at the national and federal levels. The U.S. Sentencing department was amended for offenders caught with a crack in 2007. The enacted laws in this section had mandatory sentences are still being practised today. These laws have been effective in eliminating racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
Another strategy that can be effective in controlling disproportionality is banning some laws that are inconsiderate of minority offenders. The three-strikes legislation is one law that needs to be amended. The law, in over twenty-five countries, has been passed and some countries it has been stipulated that offenders will receive a life sentence which happens after one commits two crimes. This usually affects the minority groups, and it may elicit emotional and unethical responses. Such practices should be eliminated to promote proportionality in the criminal justice system.
References
Leiber, M. J., & Fix, R. (2019). Reflections on the impact of race and ethnicity on juvenile court outcomes and efforts to enact change. American journal of criminal justice, 44(4), 581-608.
Leonard Noisette (2000). Reducing Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System.
Walt, L. C., & Jason, L. A. (2017). Predicting Pathways into Criminal Behavior: The Intersection of Race, Gender, Poverty, Psychological Factors. ARC Journal of addiction, 2(1), 1.
Get professional assignment help cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason may is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Our essay writers are graduates with diplomas, bachelor, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college diploma. When assigning your order, we match the paper subject with the area of specialization of the writer.
Why choose our academic writing service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
