Research Question
This dissertation seeks to answer the research question on what ways did the Islamophobic discourse change after 9/11?
Research context, relevance, and Novelty
There is a growing body of literature that attracts attention as to how Islamophobia is both being shaped and how it is shaping both the domestic and foreign policy in the United States following the September 11 attacks. A vast number of scholars have taken a mandate to interrogate the politics of the fear around the face of Islam that has spread throughout the nation. This is a critical topic to be studied. This is because, since the 9/11, the lives of the Muslim community living in the United States has changed. With policies that have been advanced by Donald Trump, they seek to ensure that the Muslim community has been banned in the US; which has undesirable outcomes for women and children as well as the Islamic students in the US. Just a few days after the 9/11, the then-president George W. Bush addressed the Muslim community by arguing that the acts of violence that they undertook against the innocent people are a violation of the fundamental stipulations of the Islamic faith.
Sixteen years later, dramatic changes have occurred. The current president of the US has demonized Islam; spreading false rumors that the Muslims were in celebration after 9/11, accusing the Syrian refugees of being terrorists and making policies to curtail the immigration of certain Muslim countries to the US. Since 9/11, there has been a general acceptance that the Muslims are a significant threat to the nation; and this has been made without any justification or proof that would be necessary if that charge was levied against another member of any other ethnic or religious group. Research conducted by Pew Research Center found that about 50 percent of the Muslim community in the US reported that their religion was making their lives more difficult. This dissertation will thus be taking a proactive approach in examining the background of Islamophobic discourse in the united states and evaluate how this changed after the 9/11. The changes to the Muslim community ranging from anti-Muslim policies and the discriminatory rules that have been fathomed against them will be evaluated among any other issues related to the 9/11 that rose to affect the Muslim community. Understanding Islam from the perspective that most of these people are harmless would help in reducing the discriminatory tendencies that have been directed towards them. The women in some cases have mandated to put down the Hijab such that they would get a chance to survive in the US economy. Even the media activists have been against most of the Muslim countries and misinformation about Islam has been spread in the United States, and most leaders have hinged on sowing distrust towards the Muslim community.
As the researchers in the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive society examined, they found that Islamophobia has also begun getting baked into the legal system in the United States. There are sharia laws that have exacerbated the problem. Islam has become a demonized religion in the United States, and this has been creating a spectrum of manage that does not exist. Through this research, an understanding of the Muslim community and what their religion stands for will be evaluated. This will help in providing a powerful critique of the Islamophobic fears and motives and counter-terrorism. It will offer a perspective that will change the way the westerners have regarded the way the Muslims and Islam have been blamed for radicalization and extremism. The research will situate Islamophobia as a means of structural racism and as a primary tool for shaping the practices of the war on terror and in particular the discriminatory US national security policies toward the Muslim community. Looking at the hate crime statistics by the FBI, it is evident that the crimes against Muslims have increased in the last decade. For example, the year 2010, this was called the year of ground-zero mosque controversy that led to public participation in leading anti-Muslim campaigns in the mainstream media. This has increased the rate of Islamophobia in the United States, and a series of anti-Muslim attacks have sufficed on both media and in the streets. The Muslim community is made to feel quite unsafe, and this necessitates research to understand Islamophobic tendencies and uncover the Islamic community to minimize discriminatory policies against them.
Theoretical framework
Extensive literature has been diverting attention and focus on connecting anti-Muslim rhetoric in politics with a touch of taking an overview of the Muslim foreign policy decisions. Most readings have argued that the violent interventions and the war on terror in the Muslim-majority nations, as well as offering support for the Muslim regimes, has been an extension of the Islamophobic policies. The 9/11 terror attacks in the USA made an impact that led to changing the core of fear in the country. The western intelligence acquired a new enemy that the United States could blame for the attacks. Islamophobia is a concept that is somewhat controversial in the way it is used in different fields. It is possible to postulate that this term has both psychological and sociological perspectives. Sociologically, this term refers to the discrimination and the intolerance of the Muslim community. It is a strong dislike of Islam. From this definition, it is clear that from the literature, Islamophobia is a subject of hate, and it is often related to sociological issues or racism. According to Moten (2012), a psychological definition can be provided for understanding Islamophobia. He states that Islamophobia can be described as a phenomenon whose “manifestations include prejudice, stereotyping, hostility, discriminatory treatment, denigration of the most sacred symbols of Islam, and non-recognition of Islam and Muslims by the law of the land.” (Moten, 2012: 156).
In the wake of the 21st century, the rise of hate crimes and discrimination were on the rise. Since the 9/11, the way the United States perceive these Islam is very different. In the United States, research by () argues that after the 9/11, the Muslims became isolated from society. The threat theory can be used in understanding the experiences of the Muslim community. People do not want them as neighbors or colleagues. The racist’s attitude and the prejudice against the Muslim community are so deeply-entrenched in the united states to the extent that even Barrack Obama was once attacked using this racial ideology. According to the research by (), discrimination and prejudice against the Muslims by referring to the Hamburg mosques. Since the 9/11, the mosques have been described as dangerous places. This is because, despite the mosque that an individual visits, one could easily find themselves or their families being on a police watch for the rest of their lives. This is a situation that has helped increase Islamophobic tendencies among the westerners, and it has made them regard the Muslims community as enemies.
The growing Islam population in the United States has also been another important cause of the rise of Islamophobia. For many centuries, the Muslims had been living in the western countries; but their population density experienced an increase in the wake of the 1960s economic boom. More Muslim groups entered the United States as migrant workers, and with this kind of increased population, the Muslim community has built their own culture inside western societies. They are starting from restaurants, schools, mosques, and even cemeteries. This research is backed up by () who finds that many westerners have not accepted Islam as a religion/ethnic group mainly because these people are conservative of their way of life and they cannot be easily integrated into the western culture. The growing Islamic population in the western nations and Europe included has brought fear, and a rising conspiracy has been formed against the Muslims to be secretly terrorists.
The conspiracy theory argues that misinformation can lead to tainting an image of a community. The media in the west and especially in the United States has escalated the fear through conspiracy and creating an Islamophobic atmosphere both visually and textually. According to the research by (), Islam has been regarded as a source of terrorism, and the western media has managed to showcase the Muslims as a hate-filled group. Whereas this perspective of the freedom of speech was thought to be the main target of the press while showcasing the threats of the Muslim community, it increases to the symbolism of Islamophobia. For example, Hollywood has also been supporting the claims of negative attitudes towards the Muslim community. Most often, they portray the Muslims and Arabs as violent and alien strangers; and especially after the 9/11. After the cold war ended, Hollywood was quick to announce that the world has a new enemy in the name of Islam. This form of hate-filled images that have been produced by the media has created a type of stereotype that even legalize racist’s attitudes towards the Muslim community. The Islamophobic discourse has thus become an essential tool that manipulates fear and the American obsession with Islamophobia as a national security threat has increased, and this has made Islamophobia emerge as a political, social and economic necessity in the western civilization.
Data, Methods, and Research Design
A methodological approach and overview will be required before the researcher has embarked on engaging with Islamophobia and intersectionality of race in the United States. In selecting the most effective research design, the researcher will deploy several methodological tools. This research will strike a clear difference between the phenomenon and context (Islamophobia and race), and multiple primary and secondary sources will be used to provide evidence. This research will be a combination of both non-empirical and empirical studies.
Study design
This research will be qualitative. The qualitative approaches are the processes that help to engage a set of extensive data to get insights into the data analysis and includes data coding. Following a case study approach (critical instance case study method), this research will brainstorm from both primary and secondary sources. This approach will be practical as it will allow the researcher to emphasize on an in-depth content and the researcher will delve deep into data sources to analyze the situations, behaviors, and events that might have led to an increase in Islamophobia after the 9/11.
Assumptions and ethical issues
To complete this research, there will be some assumptions that the researcher will formulate. These assumptions are related to but not limited t, the differences in perceptions about Islam and Muslim communities around different parts in the west. It will be assumed that the notions about Islam community are the same around the world. The researcher will also assume that the Muslim community initiates the media portrayal of terrorism and xenophobic attacks and that the Islamophobia has been on the rise since 9/11. The impact of media and the propagation about the sentiments and the proceeds of the 9/11 will be assumed to have brought about the growth of Islamophobia. Other assumptions will be that the Muslim community has faced discrimination and alienation from the societies they live in and especially in the western countries owing to the negative portrayal by the media and the misconceptions about Islam and terrorism.
Some of the most prominent ethical issues informed consent. Secondly, obtaining informed consent from Muslim groups will also be an ethical challenge. The question of anonymity and confidentiality will most likely affect the research, and this will be closely connected to fear of speaking up about the issues that the Muslim community face owing to the rise of Islamophobic tendencies.
Research methods, Data collection methods and justification
Primary and secondary research methods will be deployed. The case study approach will consist of analyzing content, commencing with analyzing press statements, newspaper articles, and other published articles online. The overall research process will enable the generation of findings and conclusions that will provide answers to both primary and secondary questions. Primary research will involve an in-depth interview. Secondary analysis will pertain to collecting data from different sources, which include government reports, online articles, and media reports. The effectiveness of a secondary source will be identified through coding and sampling. Coding will help the researcher to only research using keywords that are related to Islamophobia after 9/11.
Data collection related to the issues of discrimination and racism and in terms of effectiveness at enabling an enabling comparison between respondents. After analyzing reports from different sources using the case study approach, the researcher will also use an in-depth interview method as the primary data collection method. Through this in-depth interview, this will help in collecting data that will be important in understanding the issues that have emanated relating to Islamophobia after the 9/11. Qualitative research using in-depth interviews and focus groups will help to understand the experiences and the encounters that the Muslim community has had since the 9/11. The survey questions will be situated to facilitate an analysis of the visibility of the Muslim respondents, and this will further help in understanding the situation of the Muslims. In-depth interviews with the Muslim communities, police, and the general society will help the researcher to explore different factors that shape attitudes towards the Muslim community. The use of both the selected primary and secondary data collection method will help in shedding light as to the experience and triangulate the intersectionality and opinions of the Muslim community.
Using narrative analysis, this will help the researcher to reformulate stories that are presented by the respondents and taking into consideration the context of the response and experiences of the respondent. Purposeful sampling will be used to identify and select the information-rich source. In terms of this research, the researcher will sample the selection of materials that are involved in identifying and selecting articles pertinent to the study. Content analysis will be thus used for the chosen, and it will be useful in helping the research collect evidence through matching patterns and acquiring linkages between pieces of information on the experiences of the Muslim community after the 9/11.
Preliminary Timetable
The use of the preliminary timetable helps in providing the direction and framework that will guide the dissertation. It will help the researcher to develop a well-composed, organized modern research. Below is an indication of the research timetable that the researcher will apply
Chapter Topic % Words Months
1 Introduction 5 1,000 1
2 Literature review 30 6,000 2
3 Methodology 20 2,500 1
4 Data analysis 25 3,000 2
5 Conclusion and implication 20 2,500 2
Total 100 15,000 8
Note: this is a preliminary timetable, and sometimes the estimated time can take longer than the expected period. Additional time will need to be allocated for the starting and the finishing of the project. This timetable also does not commit the researcher to anything. It only helps the researcher to formulate a research preparedness.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
