Ukiyo-e was an art of genre in ancient Japan, which was very popular during the Tokugawa period. The Tokugawa period lasted from 1603 to 1867; this period came after the Kamakura period (‘The Editors’, 2013a). The artwork developed during this period was based on Japanese content but also represented foreign content. This period was presided by the Kamakura period, which is also known for the artworks. Some factors led to the popularity of the arts in this period, which included the flourishing economy and the peace enjoyed in Japan during this period. Screen painting is recorded as the first type of work done using the Ukiyo-e style (‘The Editors’, 2013a). Screen painting was famous in the entertainment quarters and urban centers. The artwork was, therefore, aimed at entertaining people. Though there were other themes such as culture and foreign subjects featured in style, most of the work was to entertain the people. The nature of the work can characterize entertainment in the Ukiyo-e genre; the work had a lot of erotic and pornographic materials. The artists also targeted areas with many people, and hence they were located in the urban centers.
The Ukiyo-e genre had five main subjects, which included Courtesans, prostitution, Kabuki actors, kabuki plays, and erotic (‘The Editors’, 2013a). As stated earlier, most of the subjects were supposed to entertain the audience. The Kabuki plays were very popular during this period, and the artists featured them on their work more often than not. Some actors were famous and loved by the audience, and they also provided the artists with the necessary material to create the arts. Prostitution was widespread in Japan, and many courtesans were also featured in the artwork. Hishikawa Moronobu was recorded as the first mater of the Ukiyo-e style while Okumura Masarobu was the first to paint a two-color painting, which was an improvement of the traditional one-color arts in 1765 (‘The Editors’, 2013a).
Hishikawa Moronobu was also known as Kichibe and was born in 1618; he died in 1694 (‘The Editors’, 2013b). He was born in the rural setting of Vasuda but later moved to Edo, which is modern-day Tokyo, where he died. Hishikawa was the son of a provincial embroider, and this provided him with the opportunity to start and develop his art. He started painting embroidery designs probably because of his father, who was both influential and skilled in the field. After developing some skills, he left Vasuda for Edo, where most of his work art can be traced. In Edo, he became a storybook illustrator where he used art; this marked the beginning of his life-long career in art. Hishikawa then started mass production of paintings; the mass production was aimed at increasing the size of the audience (‘The Editors’, 2013b). He wanted to improve the art, and to do this; he required to increase the number of people who would see the paintings and hence mass production. Even though he featured some foreign ideas in his art, most of his work featured Edo people. Edo people were part of the audience in the Ukiyo-e genre and were targeted by the artists. They had an interest in the subjects featured by the Ukiyo-e artists, Hishikiwa’s art featured Courtesans, kabuki theatres, and Shun-ga. Shun-ga is the Japanese representation of pornographic materials (‘The Editors’, 2013b). These contents were common with other artists and the genre at large.
Hishikawa lived during the Genroku period, which was also referred to as the Edo age (Hishikawa, n.d). This age saw major milestones covered by the artists and the artwork. There was a lot of success and improvements during this time. For instance, the introduction of two color paintings was a milestone and increased the audience of the Ukiyo-e genre. Mass production was another milestone that saw the increase in the audience of the work. Japan was enjoying over 100years of peace and strong governance, which was reflected in the economy (Hishikawa, n.d). The trade was flourishing, and the traders were getting rich. This wealth increased the demand for artwork, the growth of the economy, therefore, led to the growth of artwork. More people would also manage to pay for the galleries, and there was a need for more production of paintings. The first recorded work by Hishikawa can be traced back to 1672; however, this does not mean that this was his first artwork (Hishikawa, n.d). There is a possibility that there were other works he had done before, but they were not recorded, or the recordings are yet to be discovered. Some philosophers argued that Hishikawa was the founder of the genre; however, this was not the case, and he, however, contributed majorly to the growth of the type (Hishikawa, n.d). He was the first artist to develop a fully mature representation of the Ukiyo-e genre; there was a process before these last steps which the philosophers used.
As an illustrator, Hishikawa illustrated more than a hundred books, though it is challenging to take trace all of them to him as most of them were unsigned. He set an example and the pace for many artists who came behind him. Some of his works were just a single sheet, such as The gay Quarters of Kabuki theatres, while some of his other works took the form of a series (Hishikawa, n.d). Hishikawa did the job himself though he employed some pupils to help him. His original work was not colored and only used black and grey colors, which were painted on a solid white background.
Figure 1. Two lovers, an artwork by Hishikawa Moronobu. Accessed from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37123
Two lovers were a painting painted by Hishikawa at a time between 1675 and 1680. This painting shows two women who are supposedly in love. Their closeness and their posture can illustrate love. One woman has placed her hand on the other while the one on the left has placed hers inside the garment of the other. There is a musical instrument behind the woman showing that they may have engaged in romance. This art shows how Hishikawa used erotic material in his work. It also shows his ability to use inanimate objects to display affection; in this case, he uses the musical instrument.
Figure 2. Standing Courtesan by Hishikawa Morobutu. Accessed from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/705075
This pose was used by Hishikawa and other artists during his time. The picture shows a walking courtesan taking short steps and dressed inexpensive clothes. The expensive clothes were a show of her wealthy clients. This artwork not only symbolized a courtesan but also had a sense of fashion; the woman is wearing a well-designed robe. This can be attributed to the fact that he came from a textile designing family. It is assumed that the woman is walking in an avenue in Edo. The work also represents class, the tiny steps by the woman described the walking styles of the courtesans.
References
Hishikawa Moronobu. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hishikawa_Moronobu
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2013a). Letterpress printing. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/letterpress-printing
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2013b). Ukiyo-e. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/ukiyo-e
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