Disaster vulnerability for people with disability increases due to unequal distribution of resources, relationships fostered by hierarchical power, and diverse cultural perceptions (McDermott et al.2016, p. 9). Individuals with disabilities mostly suffer negligence during disaster-related measures such as evacuation, recovery, as well as response efforts (McDermott et al.2016, p. 6). Also, in many cases, this group of people is left out in disaster planning and preparedness activities. According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction [(UNISDR) 2013], 85.5% of the respondent with disabilities across the world admitted having not participated in community disaster management programs. Persons with disability faced exclusion from existing emergency plans and meeting conducted by international NGOs, relief agencies, and government officials (Ha, 2016, p. 4). Some agencies have manuals with descriptions on how to incorporate people with disability; thus, many of them have no idea of their existence, or they don’t know how to use them. Disability-based discrimination makes the affected individuals isolate themselves from society during moments of non-emergency and make them live dependently (Ha, 2016, p. 2).
Persons with disabilities don’t have uniformity as they include people with vision, hearing, physical, and speech disabilities, among others. Those with disabilities experience different barriers. The barriers could consist of material, informational, and communicational and could include legislation, regulation, and policies (Roan et al.2019, p. 12). The disaster management process has fallen short of disability inclusion. For example, many disaster processes fail to account for existing social exclusion for people with disabilities. Preparedness measures fail to input the perception of people with disability; thus, they fail to prepare themselves for disaster measures such as evacuation initiatives adequately (McDermott et al.2016, p. 2). The plan by disaster management lack training and adequate tools to intervene appropriately to the particular needs of people with disability. There also exist recovery response measures that don’t address the inclusion of people with disability in financial protection systems (McDermott et al.2016, p. 6).
Measures for prevention and intervention
Local intervention
One of the measures taken at local level is ensuring people with disability become involved in the design, implementation and evaluation of response activities (McDermott et al.2016, p. 5). Secondly, removal of obstacles that would hinder full participation of people with disability is crucial. Communication and physical related barriers often prevent them from full participation. Thus, the organizing bodies ought to ensure meeting points are barrier-free. They could offer sign language where necessary (Ha, 2016, p. 5. Increase government awareness concerning the needs of people with disabilities is also a fundamental requirement to ensure they become included in state budget planning. During data collection, information pertaining to people with disability should also get included as such information is useful during disaster management planning. Accessibility should also be enhanced at local level. When adjustments such as infrastructure reconstructions are made, the needs of the disabled people should also raise a consideration (McDermott et al.2016, p. 6)
State intervention
Consequently, local, state, and national level agencies could undertake several measures to ensure prioritization of the safety of disabled people (McDermott et al.2016, p. 8). First, the inclusion of people with disability and disabled people organization as contributing stakeholders will help in the development, integration, and evaluation of people with disability in the disaster management plan. Secondly, the disabled people organization could partner with potential strategic partners to gain accessibility standards at the national level (McDermott et al.2016, p. 6). Collaboration with partners would help to improve data. For instance, a partnership with Washington Group on disability information would promote the development of tools to address risk needs drawn from that data. Open access to risk management information would help create awareness of disaster and how to prevent as well as the measures to undertake when it occurs. Promoting infrastructure will quicken accessibility, both physical and communication (Roan et al.2019, p. 4).
Scaling up the resilience of cities will allow the adaption urban development practices that will reduce risks for all, including those of people with disabilities (McDermott et al.2016, p. 6). Relevant organizations ought to encourage the use of available early warning and weather forecast systems. The availability of such systems will allow accessibility of more people and assets to safety. The development of resilience at the community level, where the programs documented include disaster risk management for disabled people (Ha, 2016, p. 5). Training and capacity building is essential as it will assist persons with disabilities in identifying risks, barriers, and solutions and helping disaster actors in their rescue mission (Roan et al.2019, p. 4). The recovery team ought to strengthen its response capacity by training government officials on how to intervene during disasters. The recovery process should also ensure damage and impact evaluation consists of the views of those with disabilities (McDermott et al.2016, p. 4). Such involvement will quicken access to assistive devices, shelter, and housing. Recovery processes should also consider establishing rehabilitation services, mental health support, and other supportive activities.
The role of nurses in disaster management
In conclusion, disaster preparedness for people with disability could pose some difficulties for a nurse. One of the skills needed for disaster management for a nurse entails effective communication (McDermott et al.2016, p. 4). Reliable connection is crucial in a healthcare facility at all times but more vital during an emergency. A nurse ought to have adequate knowledge about all the devices in the health facility to handle the occurrence of an emergency. Secondly, a nurse needs self-protection, For instance, the SARS experience which left many nurses infected with coronavirus; thus, it’s necessary to protect oneself before handling victims from a related disaster (Roan et al.2019, p. 8). Learn everything concerning the hazard in question to understand the steps to undertake in attending to those disabled victims (McDermott et al.2016, p. 7). The nurse could evacuate previously admitted patients to other destinations to allow the incoming victims more room for checkup and provision of first aids before a thorough check for further damages that they suffered from the disaster.
Another step one should take is to identify the person-in-charge. Although consensus decision-making technique is a vital tool for nurses, using it during emergencies is not advisable (Roan et al.2016, p. 4). The person in charge has to offer excellent guidance that will help save as many lives as possible. Teamwork is essential; therefore, the nurse ought to collaborate and cooperate with the rest of the team to achieve the desired results, which in this case entails minimizing injuries and saving as many people as possible (Roan et al.2019, p. 8). Lastly, one needs to remain calm through the entire period as nervousness could lead to a miscalculation that could cause more harm than good. Ones should not forget to take care of themselves, and the hospital ought to provide all the necessary primary staff needed by nurses.
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