experiment, we wished t determine whether the new packages of cartons containing paint cans is safe for our employees to be lifting and suggesting the optimal packaging size for health safety. We performed the first experiment and then made several changes to make sure that the compressive force experienced by the workers is below the NIOSH Action limit. After making adjustments, we conducted a final analysis of the optimal measures of the packages for health safety.
Method
The experiment involved calculating the forces exerted on various parts of the body, particularly on joints and especially on the L5/S1 in the spine where back compressive force and shear forces act on the back and cause many severe back injuries. To determine the safety in handling the packages, we calculated various effects on different joints relative to the gender of the worker, their height and weight, weight of the object, angles of force application, lower arm inclination, upper arm inclination, the distance between spine lumber and center of the package, the height of the box, point of grasping the package among other measurements. By use of the measures, we calculated compressive and shear forces experienced as well as moments required to be generated on various joints. We then compared the back compressive force against the NIOSH Action limit and moment required against the percentages of workers capable of producing the required moments.
Results
Male workers
First Experiment
Inputs
| Weight | Height | Object weight | Lower arm 0 | Upper arm 0 | Torso | Hand horizontal distance inch | Hand vertical distance inch | Upper leg 0 | Lower leg 0 | Force angle 0 |
| 185 | 70 | 90 | 258 | 277 | 8 | 20 | 5 | 70 | 270 | 270 |
The table shows the initial conditions for the experiment. After calculating the forces therein, we obtained the results below:
The back compressive force was 934.261lb, which is above the NIOSH Action limit that is set at 770lb. The sheer force at those conditions was 172.9lb. With the conditions above, most healthy workers are at an increased risk of injury when performing the task. The table below shows the moments required on various joints and the percentages of workers capable of producing the moments.
| JOINT | REQUIRED MOMENT | PERCENTAGE WITH CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE THE MOMENT (%) |
| Elbow | 121.86 in-lb extension | 99 |
| Shoulder | 39.01 in-lb extension | 99 |
| L5/S1 | 2570.58 in-lb extension | 89 |
| Hip | 1504.27 in-lb extension | 77 |
| Knee | 494.9 in-lb flexion | 94 |
| Ankle | 1266.03 in-lb plantaflex | 67 |
Discussion
Clearly, the required back compressive force and the shear force are greater than the NIOSH Action limit. As a result, workers are more likely to get injuries when working in the given conditions.
Suggested improvements
- Reduce bending at the waist because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the upper body weight of 473.18lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load because of the direct compressive force due to the upper body weight value of 38lb.
- Reduce weight and/or horizontal distance between the lumbar spine and the center of the load because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the load value of 384.89lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load because of the direct compressive force due to the load value of 38.88lb.
Contributions
This information taught me that besides the capability to lift a load, there is a need to consider the forces exerted on various joints for health safety.
Second Experiment
After analyzing the information obtained from the first experiment, we made a few changes, as shown in the table:
| Weight | Height | Object weight | Lower arm 0 | Upper arm 0 | Torso | Hand horizontal distance inch | Hand vertical distance inch | Upper leg 0 | Lower leg 0 | Force angle |
| 185 | 70 | 75 | 290 | 253 | 41 | 11 | 15 | 142 | 72 | 270 |
Results
After making the above adjustments, the back compressive force was 566.141lb that is below 770lb (the NIOSH Action limit). Shear force, in this case, was 143.16lb. the table below shows moments on various joints:
| JOINT | REQUIRED MOMENT | PERCENTAGE WITH CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE THE MOMENT (%) |
| Elbow | 94.46 in-lb extension | 99 |
| Shoulder | 492.4 in-lb extension | 99 |
| L5/S1 | 1236.26 in-lb extension | 98 |
| Hip | 754.59 in-lb extension | 94 |
| Knee | 448.02 in-lb extension | 97 |
| Ankle | 503.92 in-lb plantaflex | 97 |
Discussion
The back compressive force is lower than the NIOSH Action limit. Most healthy workers can, therefore, perform the task without a high risk of injuries. Besides, the moments required on joints are achievable by most employees.
Suggested improvements
- Reduce bending at the waist because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the upper body weight of 420.06lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load because of the direct compressive force due to the upper body weight value of 54.98lb.
- Reduce weight and/or horizontal distance between the lumbar spine and the center of the load because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the load value of 82.37lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load because of the direct compressive force due to the load value of 38.88lb.
Contribution
It does not matter whether most people are capable of producing required moments on various joints. Instead, the compressive force experienced determines whether the task is safe or not.
Female Workers
First Experiment
In this experiment, we used the initial conditions given.
Inputs
| Weight | Height | Object weight | Lower arm 0 | Upper arm 0 | Torso | Hand horizontal distance inch | Hand vertical distance inch | Upper leg 0 | Lower leg 0 | Force angle |
| 110 | 58 | 90 | 283 | 273 | 8 | 20 | 5 | 118 | 70 | 270 |
Results
The back compressive force was 842.85lb. This force was higher than the NIOSH Action limit of 770lb. The sheer force was 138.25lb. Under these conditions, healthy workers are more prone to injuries when performing the task. The table below shows the moments required on different joints and percentages of persons with capabilities to produce the moments:
| JOINT | REQUIRED MOMENT | PERCENTAGE WITH CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE THE MOMENT (%) |
| Elbow | 116.95 in-lb flexion | 99 |
| Shoulder | 144.78 in-lb flexion | 99 |
| L5/S1 | 2063.96 in-lb extension | 94 |
| Hip | 1173.69 in-lb extension | 87 |
| Knee | 546.79 in-lb flexion | 91 |
| Ankle | 1015.72 in-lb plantaflex | 83 |
Discussion
Due to the high shear force and excess back compressive force on the L5/S1, performing the task under those conditions could lead to injuries among healthy workers in the company.
Suggested Improvements
- Reduce bending at the waist because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the upper body weight of 259.48lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load, because of the direct compressive force due to the upper body weight value of 12.4lb
- Reduce weight and/or horizontal distance between the lumbar spine and the center of the load because of back and/or abdominal muscle forces reacting to the load value of 489.56lb.
- Reduce the weight of the load because of the direct compressive force due to the load value of 38.88lb.
Contribution
Gender is a determinant of how much work an individual can perform. Different moments and back compressive forces are experienced due to differences in height and weight.
Second Experiment
After obtaining results from the first experiment and looking at the possible improvements, we made a few changes to the inputs and performed another analysis.
Inputs
| Weight | Height | Object weight | Lower arm 0 | Upper arm 0 | Torso | Hand horizontal distance inch | Hand vertical distance inch | Upper leg 0 | Lower leg 0 | Force angle |
| 110 | 58 | 70 | 265 | 283 | 45 | 16 | 15 | 118 | 62 | 270 |
Results
After analyzing the input data, we obtained a back compressive force of 682.79lb that was lower than the NIOSH Action limit of 770lb.we also obtained a shear force of 94.93lb. The table shows moments required on different joints and percentages of workers with the capabilities of producing the moments:
| JOINT | REQUIRED MOMENT | PERCENTAGE WITH CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE THE MOMENT (%) |
| Elbow | 98.56 in-lb extension | 96 |
| Shoulder | 32.42 in-lb flexion | 99 |
| L5/S1 | 1308.52 in-lb extension | 94 |
| Hip | 696.76 in-lb extension | 90 |
| Knee | 174.84 in-lb flexion | 91 |
| Ankle | 770.38 in-lb plantaflex | 95 |
Discussion
Under the conditions above, workers are able to perform the task at minimal risks because the back compressive force is smaller than the NIOSH Action limit. Besides, the moments required in all the joints are at a healthy level.
Suggested improvements
This is the optimal condition under which workers can perform the task, and there is no further improvement that can be done on different parameters.
Contribution
With the right environmental conditioning, lifting tasks can be performed under minimal risks.
Conclusion
From the analysis above, we concluded that the optimal weight for our contractors to package cartons containing paint cans is 70lb. The maximum weight that male workers can lift is 75lb while the maximum weight that female workers can lift is 70lb.
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