Introduction
Toxic plants exist all over the globe. With very many plant types, the likelihood of meeting a toxic plant, even though slim, is not an impossibility. The toxicity of these plants ranges with some being fatal to humans while others just causing mild discomfort. Other plants only become toxic if consumed in certain amounts. The mode of absorption for these plants is also different. Some affect just by touch, others must be eaten, some even inhaled, etc. Some if not most toxic plants are unknown to humans. In some regions across the globe, these poisonous plants get used for medicinal purposes. In plants that affect when no matter the mode of consumption, a perfect example is the plant Abrus precatorius (Fabacae). This plant is known for its seeds used in percussion instruments. The toxicity of the plant occurs since it has abrin; a dimer with two protein subunits A and B. When inhaled, the plant causes breathing difficulties, fever, coughing, nausea, and chest tightness. In ingestion, it causes diarrhea and vomiting, low blood pressure, blood in urine, hallucinations, and seizures. In several days, it might cause the liver, spleen, and kidneys to stop thus the death of the individual. The plant Agave sisalana (Asparagaceae) is another example of a toxic plant which produces an irritant contact dermatitis. If ingested, the plant causes mouth and throat tissues to swell and irritate. Skin contact gives blisters and itches followed within two hours by blistering which heal within two weeks. A puncture near the bone by its sharp leaves may cause a reaction resembling a neoplasm called a granuloma. The plant Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) is a poisonous plant with enough toxicity to cause fatalities in both humans and plants. Its toxicity occurs in each of its parts but most characterized in the tuberous rhizomes. In a few hours of ingestion, the victim experiences numbness, vomiting, abdominal pain, throat burns, tingling around the mouth and bloody diarrhea which causes dehydration. Long term effects include the peeling off of the skin and prolonged vaginal bleeding in women. (Tamilselvan et al., 2014, pp. 85-86) The above is just an ignorable percentage of these poisonous plants.
In this study, one of these poisonous plants, Cassia occidentalis is discussed. Studies and research regarding this plant have occurred in the scientific world. A lot of research that appears is often regarding its effects on animals yet fail to fully discuss its impact on humans. Vashishtha et al., (2007, pp. 756-762) highlight hepatomyoencephalopathy cases in children that may have been caused by the plant Cassia occidentalis. These incidences occurred in Uttar Pradesh within a scattered region of approximately 1800 square kilometers. The plant Cassia occidentalis grew within this area in abundance. A number of the residents did not consider the plant poisonous even though animals shunned it. Of the studied cluster, only 5.6% recognized the plant as harmful. 44.4% of the asked confirmed consumption of the plant pods by the children immediately before symptoms occurred. The study found the diseases to be Cassia occidentalis caused yet only the consumption of large amounts had effects. Chhapola et al., (2018) too did research and found that 1.7% of all poisoning cases in India as reported to the National poison information center is a result of Cassia occidentalis, Cannabis, and Datura. They found that Cassia occidentalis affects multiple organ systems in the human body yet, appears more damaging to the brain, liver, and muscle hence toxidrome of hepatomyoencephalopathy. They also agree that literature on human poisoning by Cassia occidentalis is scarce yet abundant in animals. A specific case they point out is a 4.5-year-old child from Western Uttar who consumed Cassia occidentalis and two days later had reduced oral acceptance, lethargy, and altered sensorium (Glasgow coma scale, 13/15 ‑ E3V4M6). Blood investigations of the child “revealed mild anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia with normal kidney function. Liver function tests (LFTs) were deranged with high serum bilirubin (total 1.8 mg/dl and direct‑1.1 mg/dl).” The parents and children also reported cases of younger siblings who had died from similar symptoms after consuming Cassia occidentalis. Their research further gives an assumption that in children, 6-7 pods (250-300 seeds) may cause symptoms that are severe and any more than this number may lead to death if not early treated (Chhapola et al., 2018, pp. 68-69).
The plant Cassia occidentalis is a common weed scattered throughout the foothills of the Himalayas to West Bengali, South India, Sri Lanka, and Burma (Sigh, Jain, & Mishra, 2016, p.1). It is mostly found in the southern part of India. Cassia occidentalis leaves, roots and seed are the commonly used parts of the plant as medicine. The plant belongs to the Calsalpiniaceae family. Alashkmi et al., (2013, p. 5) concludes that the plant Cassia occidentalis has a lot of potential for medical purposes on a range of diseases. The photochemical and biological effects of the plant as a medicine depend on where it originates geographically (Alakshmi et al., 2013). Research, where Cassia occidentalis extracts got administered to patients with paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic, showed positive results with patients improving in just 21 days (Uzzi & Grillo, 2013).
This research aims to review the research done on the effects of the plant Cassia occidentalis on humans if consumed. A systematic analysis of the toxicity of this plant, if there is any, will also get conducted. The symptoms of the toxicity in humans will also get ascertained. Finally, the research highlights a possible medication for Cassia occidentalis toxins in humans. The proposed medication is N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) since the medication works on glutathione in mitochondria in cells. An example is the treatment of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity using Cassia occidentalis extracts. This is vital since Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) get used frequently to treat fever, inflammation, and pain in humans. These medications are the causes of drug-induced injuries. Other medications used get characterized by relapses and only symptomatic relief without affecting the main disease. This situation calls for a medication hence Cassia occidentalis. The plants’ extracts have therapeutic potential since they have hepato-protective potential in their aqueous leaf extracts. There is no effective treatment for this plant up to now hence this research (Uzzi & Grillo, 2013).
References
Uzzi, H. Q., & Grillo D. B. (2013). The Hepatoprotective Potentials of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cassia Occidentalis against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Wistar Rats. International Journal of Herbs and Pharmacological Research, 6–13. Department of Anatomy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Chhapola, V., Kumar, V., Sharma, A. G., & Kanwal, S. (2018) Hepatomyoencephalopathy Secondary to Cassia occidentalis poisoning: Report of Three Cases from North India. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. Vol 22, Issue 6, p. 68-70. Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Vashishta, V. M., John, J. T., Nayak, N. C., & Kumar, A. (2007) Cassia occidentalis poisoning as the probable cause of hepatomyoencephalopathy in children in western Uttar Pradesh. The Indian Journal of Medical Research.
Signh, V., Jainendra J. & Mishra, A. K. (2016). Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profile of Cassia Occidentalis L: A Review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 91-96
Tamilselvan, N., Thirumalai, T., Shyamala, P., Ernest, D. (2013) A review on some poisonous plants and their medicinal values. Journal of Acute Disease. 85-89. doi: 10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60022-6 Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore-632115(T.N.), India
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