Define ecology. Distinguish between population and community ecology.
Ecology is a branch of biology which studies environmental systems and how these systems interact with each other. These systems include the abiotic environment, cryosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. In ecology, the population is the group of organisms of the same species of living in the same area and the same time. Community refers to a population of animals and plants in the same region. These populations live and interact with each other. All individuals in a population have similar morphological and behavioral features. In a community, members have different morphological and behavioral features.
Define three density and dispersion patterns
Dispersion patterns are the manner in which people are spaced within the area. There are three types of density and dispersion patterns; clumped dispersion pattern, random dispersion pattern, and uniform dispersion pattern. Clumped dispersion pattern occurs where the population is clustered together, creating some patches with many individuals. This pattern occurs due to uneven distribution of nutrients in the environment. In this case, the offspring stay close to their parents. Random dispersion pattern occurs where individuals are arranged without any specific pattern. It occurs due to uneven distribution of nutrients, but offspring move away from their parents. Uniform dispersion pattern occurs where the population is spaced evenly within a specific area. It occurs due to even distribution of nutrients.
Describe density-dependent factors that can limit population growth
Density-dependent factors promote competition individuals of the same population for the same resources. These factors have the potential to control the size of the population. These density-dependent factors may include water, light, food, disease, predatory, space, temperature, and aggressive behavior. As the population density increase, the individuals compete for resources such as water, food, and space, which may limit the population growth. Other factors such as disease and aggressive behaviors may bring deaths which limit population growth.
Describe density-independent factors that can limit population growth
Density-independent factors involve factors which affect the per capita growth rate independent of the population density. These factors cannot regulate the population size because they occur irregularly. The density-independent factors may include earthquakes, fires, floods, and tornados. The chance of dying due to these factors does not depend on how many people are in the population.
Define “boom and bust” cycle and give an example
Boom and bust cycle refers to the development of population density, which grows and shrinks on a regular basis. For instance, the population of the frogs usually increase during the rainy weather period and shrinks during the winter. This cycle of the population is referred to as “boom and bust.”
Describe the types of community interactions
A community is bound together by the network of influences that species have on one another. There are four types of mutualism, commensalism, competition, and parasitism. In mutualism relationship, both species benefit from the interaction. For instance, some fungi form mutualism relationship with the plant roots. They get nutrients and provide water to the plants. In commensalism relationship, only one species benefits from the interaction, but the other species remain unaffected. In competition interaction, none of the species benefit from the interaction; instead, they are affected negatively. In parasitism interaction, one species benefits, one is disadvantaged. For instance, the tick in the animal’s skin.
Define species diversity and two factors which affect it
Species diversity refers to a number of species and the abundance of the species in a specific area. It mainly involves how species’ abundance is distributed in a particular location. Species diversity is affected by several factors, which include environmental conditions and competition. The environmental conditions are crucial in the growth or decline of species diversity. Unfavorable environmental usually lead to less species diversity. The competition for resources can lead to the decline of some species in a community. Species diversity is important because every species has an essential role in the ecosystem.
Define keystone species
A keystone species is species which plays a specific important role in an ecosystem. A keystone species maintain the structure and integrity of the community. For instance, when a prairie dog digs holes to form their habitats, they provide homes for other animals such as burrowing owls, black-footed ferrets, and snakes. These animals become food for other organisms such as birds, coyotes, and badgers. Besides, as the prairie dogs dig the hole, they churn the soil, thus making it more nutritious for plants. These prairie dogs are keystone species because they maintain the structure of the community.
Describe the five threats to biodiversity
Biodiversity is under serious threat as a result of human activities. These threats are making ecosystems unhealthy and unbalanced. The main threats to biodiversity include pollution, overpopulation, climate change, habitat destruction, and invasive species. The pollution, ranging from burning of fossil fuel to dumping of nonorganic materials in water masses, disrupts earth’s ecosystem. Pollution affects the species by causing their death or changing their breeding and feeding habits. Climate change does not give species time to adapt thus leading to their extinct. For instance, rising ocean temperatures may cause the death of some marine species. Habitat destruction is a direct cause of loss of biodiversity. This destroys the ecosystem on which many species depend on thus causing their extinction. Overexploitation such as overhunting, over-harvesting, and overfishing may contribute to the loss of some species. The invasion of non-native species in an ecosystem can threaten endemic organisms through predation or competition of resources.
Describe conservation efforts to preserve both animal and plants
The efforts to conserve both animals and plants focuses on two strategies; conserving environment they need and stop killing them. The conservation of the environment can be done through sustainable intensification of farming and regulation to protect the remaining wild areas. Controlling market forces for both plants and animals can preserve them. For instance, banning ivory sales, leopard skin sales, and elephant tusks trafficking.
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